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ASEAN: Halt Plans for “Inclusive Dialogue” and Act to Hold the Military Junta to Account

December 1st, 2023  •  Author:   601 Organizations  •  15 minute read
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ASEAN: Halt Plans for “Inclusive Dialogue” and Act to Hold the Military Junta to Account

1 December 2023

We, the undersigned organisations, call on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to refrain from merely advocating for inclusive national dialogue in Myanmar that undermine efforts and the will of Myanmar people. ASEAN must take concrete actions to fulfil the demands made by the people of Myanmar to establish a federal democratic union and bring the illegal military junta and Min Aung Hlaing to justice for committing mass atrocity crimes.

We took note of the update provided by the ASEAN Office of the Special Envoy on Myanmar as led by H.E. Ambassador Ngurah Swajaya–representing Indonesia as the current ASEAN Chair–and attended by a representative from Laos, the next Chair of the regional bloc. The update concerned the separate exchanges it had with various stakeholders, including representatives from the military junta and the National Unity Government (NUG) on 22–23 November 2023.[1]

While the inclusion of legitimate representatives of the Spring Revolution and the NUG in any efforts to address the crisis in Myanmar is welcome, our concern persists with the ASEAN’s continued push for the realisation of the failed ASEAN Five-Point Consensus (5PC) and the call for “inclusive national dialogue”, failing to address the root cause of the intensifying atrocity crimes across Myanmar by the Myanmar military. In particular, the message conveyed by the Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia that “inclusive dialogue and political solutions are the only viable solutions to address the crisis in Myanmar” disrespects and undermines the immense sacrifices of the people of Myanmar, especially the young generations, that call for an end to the military tyranny and to achieve a genuine federal democracy since the military’s attempted coup in February 2021.

At the margins of the ASEAN Summit in May 2023, more than hundreds of local and global civil society organisations called for the ASEAN to move beyond its failed 5PC, asserting that it has emboldened the illegal junta to commit further crimes and exacerbate the suffering of the people of Myanmar. As an alternative, the groups proposed the Five Counter Points, one of which stressed the necessity for ASEAN to “secure an enabling environment where federal democracy forces and stakeholders are guaranteed agency, respect, and security” prior to calling for an inclusive dialogue for all stakeholders–a condition that includes the immediate cessation of the junta’s violence, persecution, and attacks on democracy forces as well as its collective punishment against the population.[2]

Similar positions were also conveyed by the Myanmar Spring’s Young Revolutionaries during their meeting and exchange with the H.E. Ambassador Ngurah Swajaya as the Head of Special Envoy in July 2023. Among other messages, the youth stressed the need for ASEAN to move beyond the ineffective 5PC, to cease all engagements with the junta, and to work together with the Spring Revolution to establish a federal democracy in Myanmar.[3]

In September 2023, civil society groups conducted the people’s hearing to present testimonies from survivors on the gross human rights violations committed by the military junta since the attempted coup in February 2021 and expert opinions and recommendations to ASEAN. Evident in these testimonies are indiscriminate air attacks and bombings, destruction of food sources and valuables, collective punishment, killings, torture, rape, ill-treatment of detainees, genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, among other issues. Recommendations from the regional experts included the need for ASEAN “to cooperate with the United Nations and establish an ASEAN-backed mechanism or tribunal that will be able to receive communications and hear evidence of human rights violations and to take accountability measures against the perpetrators.”[4]

It is extremely alarming that despite all these efforts from the civil society and the fact that it has claimed to conduct over 180 engagements with various stakeholders in 2023, ASEAN has yet to align its efforts with the Myanmar people’s very own demands and failed to recognise the military junta as the root cause of the all-out war nationwide.

ASEAN has failed to hold the military junta accountable for committing crimes against humanity and war crimes, amounting to mass atrocities. The bloc’s efforts have so far failed to match the call of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on the UN Security Council (UNSC) to refer the crisis in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court.[5] Instead, ASEAN continues to invite junta representatives to various ASEAN meetings, including to the ASEAN Defence Ministerial Meeting and even allows the junta to be the Chair of the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference under the Chairship of Indonesia, during which time it launched 20 airstrikes against civilians[6]. ASEAN also persistently calls all parties for negotiations with the perpetrator of mass atrocity crimes, which to date has arrested more than 25,000 people, killed more than 4,200[7] and torched at least 76,000 properties[8].

We echo the sentiments stated by the NUG, ‘without the assurance of ending the military dictatorship and establishing a federal democratic union, without the genuine will of the people, spring forces and alliances, and without a guarantee of a transitional period where justice is fully upheld, there will be no engagement.’

We therefore urge all ASEAN leaders, the ASEAN Office of the Special Envoy on Myanmar, and all related ASEAN stakeholders and UN and dialogue partners of ASEAN not to endorse Indonesia’s imposed “inclusive dialogue” while the military junta’s ongoing brutality is yet to be addressed.

We call on ASEAN to respect, recognise and prioritise the aspirations of the Myanmar people by ceasing the current imposed “inclusive dialogue” process that is undermining extraordinary efforts of Myanmar’s Spring Revolutionary forces. Instead, the regional bloc must work together with the UNSC to take more concrete, coordinated action to halt the atrocities committed by the ruthless military junta and help bring the junta to justice through international justice mechanisms. ASEAN must set the goal and make the most of its unique position to assist in establishing a genuine federal democracy in Myanmar as aspired by its very own people.

For more information, please contact:

Signed by 601 Myanmar, regional and international organizations including 250 organizations who have chosen to not disclose their name:

  1. 5/ of Zaya State Strike
  2. 8888 Generation (New Zealand)
  3. Action Against Myanmar Military Coup (AAMMC) Sydney
  4. Action Committee for Democracy Development (Coalition of 14 Grassroots Networks)
  5. Action Committee of Basic Education Students (ACBES)
  6. Action Group for Democracy and Human Rights
  7. Active Youths Kalaymyo
  8. Ah Nah Podcast – Conversations with Myanmar
  9. All Arakan Students’ & Youths’ Congress – AASYC
  10. All Aung Myay Thar San Schools Strike Force
  11. All Burma Democratic Face
  12. All Burma Democratic Front in New Zealand
  13. All Burma Student Democratic Front – Australia Branch
  14. All Young Burmese League (AYBL)
  15. Alliance of Students’ Union – Yangon (ASU -Yangon)
  16. ALTSEAN-Burma
  17. Alyansa Tigil Mina
  18. Anti-coup Forces Coordination Committee (ACFCC – Mandalay)
  19. Anti-Junta Alliance Yangon – AJAY
  20. Anti-Myanmar Dictatorship Movement
  21. Anti-Myanmar Military Dictatorship Network (AMMDN)
  22. ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights
  23. Asia Justice and Rights (AJAR)
  24. Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA)
  25. Association of Human Rights Defenders and Promoters
  26. Association of United Nationality in Japan (AUN)
  27. Athan – Freedom of Expression Activist Organization
  28. Auckland Kachin Community NZ
  29. Auckland Zomi Community
  30. Aung San Su Kyi Park, Norway
  31. Australia Burma Friendship Association, Northern Territory
  32. Australia Karen Organization WA Inc.
  33. Australia Myanmar Doctors, Nurses and Friends
  34. Australia Myanmar Youth Alliance (AMYA)
  35. Australian Burmese Muslim Organisation
  36. Australian Chin Community (Eastern Melbourne Inc)
  37. Australian Karen Organisation (AKO)
  38. AwazCDS-Pakistan
  39. A-Yar-Taw People Strike
  40. Ayeyarwaddy West Development Organisation AWDO (Minbu )
  41. Ayeyarwaddy West Development Organisation AWDO (Nagphe)
  42. Bamar Community Tasmania
  43. Banglar Manabadhikar Suraksha Mancha (MASUM)
  44. Blood Money Campaign
  45. BMT counselling
  46. Boat People SOS
  47. Burma Action Ireland
  48. Burma Campaign UK
  49. Burma Lawyers’ Council (BLC)
  50. Burma Refugee Saving Association (B.R.S.A)
  51. Burmese Community – South Australia
  52. Burmese Community Development Collaboration (BCDC)
  53. Burmese Community Group (Manawatu, NZ)
  54. Burmese Community Support Group (BCSG)
  55. Burmese Friendship Association
  56. Burmese Medical Association Australia (BMAA)
  57. Burmese Rohingya Welfare Organisation New Zealand
  58. Burmese Women’s Union
  59. Cambodian Human Right and Development Association (ADHOC)
  60. Canberra Karen Association
  61. CDM Medical Network (CDMMN)
  62. Centre for Human Rights and Development Mongolia (CHRD)
  63. Chaung Oo Township Youth Strike Committee
  64. Chin Community – South Australia
  65. Chin Community in Norway
  66. Chin Community of Auckland
  67. Chin Community of Japan (CCJ)
  68. Chin Community of Western Australia Inc.
  69. Chin Community Tasmania
  70. Chin Youth Organization
  71. Chin Youth Organization of Japan (CYO-JP)
  72. Citizen of Burma Award – New Zealand
  73. CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation
  74. Civil Information Network (CIN)
  75. Coalition Strike Committee – Dawei
  76. Colorful Spring (ရောင်စုံနွေဦး)
  77. Commission for the Disappeared and Victims of Violence
  78. Creative Home
  79. CRPH & NUG Supporters Ireland
  80. CRPH Funding Ireland
  81. CRPH Support Group, Norway and members organizations endorses
  82. CRPH, NUG Support Team Germany-Deutschland
  83. CRPH/NUG support group Australia
  84. Dawei Defense Team
  85. Dawei Youths in Japan (DYJ)
  86. Dawei Youths Revolutionary Movement Strike Committee
  87. Defence of Human Rights
  88. Defend Myanmar Democracy
  89. Democracy for Burma
  90. Democratic Party for a New Society, Norway
  91. Democratic Youth Council
  92. Depayin Township Revolution Steering Committee
  93. Dhobama (2021 Generation)
  94. Doh Atu – Ensemble pour le Myanmar
  95. Dragon Dawn
  96. Dunedin Myanmar Community New Zealand
  97. Educational Initiatives Prague
  98. Equality Myanmar (EQMM)
  99. Ethnic Youth General Strike Committee (Mandalay)
  100. ETOs Watch Coalition
  101. Falam Community – South Australia
  102. Federal Corner
  103. Federal Health Workforce
  104. Federal Myanmar Benevolence Group (NZ)
  105. Federation of Worker’s Union of Burmese Citizens in Japan (FWUBC)
  106. Free Burma Campaign (South Africa)
  107. Freedom and Labor Action Group (FLAG)
  108. Friends Against Dictatorship (FAD)
  109. Future Thanlwin
  110. General Strike Collaboration Committee (GSCC)
  111. General Strike Committee of Basic and Higher Education (GSCBHE)
    1. Basic Education Worker Unions – Steering Committee (BEWU-SC)
    2. Representative Committee of University Teacher Associations (RC of UTAs)
    3. Basic Education General Strike Committee (BEGSC)
  112. General Strike Committee of Nationalities (Tavoyan)
  113. Generation Wave
  114. GenY For Revolution Japan
  115. Global Myanmar Spring Revolution
  116. Global Myanmar Spring Revolution – Japan
  117. Globe International Center
  118. Green Network
  119. Hope For Youth – Kyushu Japan
  120. Human Rights Educators Network
  121. Human Rights Now
  122. In Defense of Human Rights and Dignity Movement (iDEFEND)
  123. Indonesia Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI)
  124. Indonesia Legal and Human Rights Association (PBHI)
  125. Industrial Training Centre (ITC) Family Sydney
  126. Info Birmanie
  127. Initiatives for International Dialogue (IID)
  128. Inlihtan Peninsula Tenasserim
  129. Institute for Asian Democracy
  130. Inter Pares
  131. International Association, Myanmar-Switzerland (IAMS)
  132. International Legal Initiative Foundation (ILI)
  133. International Society of Myanmar Scholars and Professionals (Japan)
  134. Japan Myanmar Future Creative Association (JMFCA)
  135. Japan Myanmar Help Network – JMHN
  136. JMC Inn Lay
  137. Joint Action Committee for Democracy in Burma (JACDB)
  138. Justice 4 Myanmar – Hope & Development
  139. Justice For All – Burma Task Force
  140. Justice For Myanmar
  141. Kachin Affairs Organization – Japan (KAO (Japan)
  142. Kachin Association Australia
  143. Kachin Association Norway
  144. Kachin Association of Australia WA Inc.
  145. Kachin Student Union
  146. Kalay Township Strike Committee
  147. Kansai Group Japan
  148. Karen Community – South Australia
  149. Karen Human Rights Group
  150. Karen National League Japan – KNL
  151. Karen Swedish Community (KSC)
  152. Karenni Association – Norway
  153. Karenni Community of Western Australia Inc.
  154. Karenni Federation of Australia
  155. Karenni Human Rights Group
  156. Karenni National Society (KNS)Japan
  157. Karenni Society New Zealand
  158. Kayin Community Tasmania
  159. Kazakhstan International Bureau for Human Rights and Rule of Law
  160. K’cho Ethnic Association
  161. KnowUsMoreMyanmar (KUM)
  162. Kobe Myanmar Community (KMC)
  163. KontraS
  164. Kyae Lak Myay
  165. Kyain Seikgyi Spring Revolution Leading Committee
  166. Kyauktada Strike Committee
  167. Kyaw Women Association
  168. Latpadaung Region Strike Committee
  169. League For Democracy in Burma (L.D.B Japan)
  170. Legal Aid for Human Rights
  171. LGBT Alliance
    1. LGBT Union – Mandalay
    2. Monywa LGBT Strike
    3. LGBT Community Yangon
    4. LGBT Alliance Myanmar (Kalay Region)
    5. LGBT Alliance Myanmar (Kyaukse Region)
  172. Los Angeles Myanmar Movement (LA2M)
  173. Madarpur Legal Aid Association (MLAA)
  174. MAGGA Initiative
  175. Magway People’s Revolution Committee
  176. Maldivian Democracy Network (MDN)
  177. Mandalay Medical Family (MFM)
  178. Mandalay Regional Youth Association Revolution Core Group
  179. Mandalay Strike Force (MSF)
    1. Samgha Sammaga-Mandalay
    2. Mandalay Alliance Coalition Strike
    3. Mya Taung Strike
    4. Mandalar University Students’ Strike
    5. Chanmyatharzi Township People’s Strike
    6. Maharaungmyay Township People’s Strike
    7. Mandalay Youth Strike
    8. 12 Basic Education Branch High School (Maharaungmyay) Students’ Union
    9. Co-operative University Mandalay Students’ Strike
    10. Mandalay-based People’s Strike
    11. Multi-Religions Strike
    12. Myanmar Institute of Information Technology Students’ Strike
    13. Daung Sitthe Strike
    14. Seinpann Strike
    15. Industries Strike
  180. Mandalay-Based University Students’ Unions (MDY_SUs)
  181. Matu Burma Foundation
  182. Matu Chin Community – South Australia
  183. MayMyo Strike Force
  184. Metta Campaign
  185. Min Hla Farmers Group
  186. Minbu Farmers Group
  187. Mindat Chin Community NSW
  188. Mindat Community – South Australia
  189. Mizo Community – South Australia
  190. Mon Association – Norway
  191. Mon Families Group
  192. Mon National Council (MNC)
  193. Mon Youth For Federal Democracy (MYFD)
  194. Monywa – Amyint Road Strike Leading Committee
  195. Monywa People’s Strike Steering Committee
    1. All Burma Federation of Student Unions (Monywa District)
    2. Network of University Student Unions – Monywa
    3. National League for Democracy (Monywa Township)
    4. The 88 Generation Peace and Open Society (Monywa)
    5. Thakhin Kodaw Mhine Peace Network (Monywa)
    6. Former Political Prisoners and New Generation Group – Monywa
    7. Civil Society Organizations Coordination Committee (Monywa)
  196. Myanmar Accountability Project
  197. Myanmar anti-military coup movement in New Zealand
  198. Myanmar Baptist Churches in Norway
  199. Myanmar Buddhist Community of South Australia
  200. Myanmar Campaign Network
  201. Myanmar Catholic Community In Norway
  202. Myanmar Community Coffs Harbour (MCC)
  203. Myanmar Community Group Christchurch New Zealand
  204. Myanmar Community Group Dunedin New Zealand
  205. Myanmar Community in Norway
  206. Myanmar Democracy and Peace Committee (Australia)
  207. Myanmar Democratic Movement (MDM)
  208. Myanmar Development Support Group (MDSG)
  209. Myanmar Engineering Association of Australia (MEAA)
  210. Myanmar Engineers – New Zealand
  211. Myanmar Gonye (New Zealand)
  212. Myanmar Hindu Community – Norway
  213. Myanmar Labor Alliance (MLA)
  214. Myanmar Muslim Organization – Norway
  215. Myanmar Muslim Revolution Force
  216. Myanmar Nationalities’ Support Organization – JP (MNSO)
  217. Myanmar People Alliance (Shan State)
  218. Myanmar People Residing in Canberra
  219. Myanmar Spring Revolution Japan (MSRJ)
  220. Myanmar Student Union,  (ABFSU), San Francisco, US
  221. Myanmar Students’ Association Australia (MSAA)
  222. Myanmar Students’ Union in New Zealand
  223. Myanmar Tozan Club (MTC)
  224. Myanmar Youth and Student Association, Japan (MYSA)
  225. Myanmar’s Youth Association Hokkaido (MYAH)
  226. Myaung Youth Network
  227. MyaYar Knowledge Tree
  228. Myingyan Civilian Movement Committee
  229. National Advocacy Group – New Zealand
  230. National Commission for Justice and Peace (NCJP)
  231. Nelson Myanmar Community Group New Zealand
  232. New Power Generation
  233. New Zealand Doctors for NUG
  234. New Zealand Karen Association
  235. New Zealand Zo Community Inc.
  236. NLD Organization Committee (International) Norway
  237. NLD Solidarity Association (Australia)
  238. Norway Falam Community
  239. Norway Matu Community
  240. Norway Rawang Community
  241. NSW Karenni (Kayah) Communities
  242. Nyan Lynn Thit Analytica
  243. Odhikar
  244. Okinawa Myanmar Association (OMA)
  245. Overseas Mon Association. New Zealand
  246. Oway Institute
  247. Owl Community
  248. Palaung National Society Japan, PNS – Japan
  249. Palaw Supporting Group – Japan
  250. Pale Township People’s Strike Steering Committee
  251. Parchern River Conservation and Development
  252. Partido Manggagawa
  253. Patriotic War Vetrans of Burma (PWVB)
  254. People’s Hope Spring Revolution (PHSR)
  255. People’s Solidarity for Participatory Democracy(PSPD)
  256. Perth Myanmar Youth Network
  257. Programme Against Custodial Torture & Impunity (PACTI)
  258. Progressive Voice
  259. Punnyakari Mon National Society Japan,PMNS-Japan
  260. Pwintphyu Development Organisation
  261. Pyi Gyi Tagon Strike Force
  262. Pyit Taing Htaung Social Club
  263. Pyithu Gonye (New Zealand)
  264. Queensland Kachin Community (QKC)
  265. Queensland Myanmar Youth Collective (QMYC)
  266. Queensland Rohingya Community
  267. Red Campaign Nirvana Exhortation Group
  268. Remonya Association of WA (Mon Community)
  269. Revolution Tokyo Myanmar (RTM)
  270. Rohingya Community in Norway
  271. Rural Community Development Society
  272. Rvwang Community Association New Zealand
  273. Salingyi Subcommittee
  274. Save and Care Organization for Women at Border Areas
  275. Save Myanmar Fundraising Group (New Zealand)
  276. Save Myanmar San Francisco
  277. Save Myanmar USA
  278. Shan Community (New Zealand)
  279. Shan Community in Japan (SCJ)
  280. SHAPE-SEA
  281. Shizu Youth For Myanmar
  282. Shwe Pan Kone People`s Strike Steering Committee
  283. Shwe Youth Democratic Alliance (SYDA)
  284. Sitt Nyein Pann Foundation
  285. Social Garden
  286. Sone See Yar (Volunteer Group)
  287. Southcare Medical Centre
  288. Southeast Asia Freedom of Expression Network (SAFEnet)
  289. Southern Dragon Myanmar
  290. Southern Monitor
  291. Southern Youth Development Organization
  292. Spring Revolution Restaurant ( SRR )
  293. Spring Traveller
  294. Student Voice
  295. Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM)
  296. Sujata Sisters Group (NZ)
  297. Support for Myanmar
  298. Sydney Friends for Myanmar Unity
  299. Ta Mar Institute of Development
  300. Tai Youths Network Japan (TYNJ)
  301. Tanintharyi Nationalities Congress
  302. Taze Strike Committee
  303. Thai Action Committee for Democracy in Burma (TACDB)
  304. The ants Humanitarian aid Team
  305. The Institution of Professional Engineers Myanmar (IPEM)
  306. The Ladies
  307. The Mekong Butterfly
  308. True Colors Coalition
  309. Try Together At Japan (TTAJ)
  310. Twitter Team for Revolution (TTFR)
  311. U.S. Campaign for Burma
  312. Union of Myanmar Citizen Association – Japan
  313. United Myanmar Community of South Australia
  314. University Students’ Unions Alumni Force
  315. Victorian Burmese Care Community (VBCC)
  316. Victorian Myanmar Youth (VMY)
  317. Voice For Justice
  318. Volunteers in Myanmar
  319. We Are One Saga MOSA
  320. We for All
  321. We Pledge CDM (Australia)
  322. We Support
  323. Western Australia Myanmar Community (WAMC)
  324. Western Australia Myanmar Democratic Network (WAMDN)
  325. Wetlet Revolution Leading Committee
  326. White Coat Society Yangon (WCSY)
  327. Women Activists Myanmar (WAM)
  328. Women Advocacy Coalition – Myanmar
  329. Women Alliance Burma (WAB)
    1. Mandalay Women Strike
    2. Yangon Women Strike
    3. Monywa Women Strike
    4. Monywa-Amyint Road Women Strike
    5. Chindwin (West) Villages Women Strike
    6. Kalay Women Strike
    7. Depayin Women Strike
    8. Taze Women Strike
    9. Dawei (Ashaetaw) Women Strike
    10. Gangaw Women Strike
    11. Thayat Chaung Women Strike
    12. Wetlet Twonship Women Strike
  330. Women’s Peace Network
  331. WOREC Nepal
  332. Worker’s Information Centre (WIC)
  333. Yadanabon University Students’ Union (YDNBUSU)
  334. Yadanar Foundation
  335. Yasakyo Township People`s Strike Steering Committee
  336. Yaw Funding Japan
  337. Yinmarpin and Salingyi All Villages Strike Committee
  338. Yokohama Pamphlet Campaign – Myanmar
  339. Youth for democratization of Myanmar (UDM)
  340. Youth Heart Beams
  341. Zo Community – South Australia
  342. Zomi Association Australia Inc.
  343. Zomi Christian Fellowship of Norway
  344. Zomi Community – South Australia
  345. Zomi Community Norway
  346. Zomi Community Queensland
  347. ခုနစ်စဥ်ကြယ်
  348. ဂျပန်ပြည်မှတွဲလက်များ
  349. ဒို့မြေကွန်ရက် – LIOH
  350. ပွင့်ဖြူလယ်ယာမြေကွန်ရက်
  351. သောင်ရင်းသတင်းလွှာ

Additional endorsement list

  • Association Suisse-Birmanie (ASB)
  • Kyimyindaing Networks (Myanmar)
  • Mayangone Democratic Front (Myanmar)

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[1]https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/5545/berita/office-of-the-special-envoy-engagements-with-myanmar-stakeholders-jakarta-20-22-november-2023

[2]https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Updated_ASEAN_PositionPaper_FINAL_5May2023.pdf

[3]https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2023/07/07/press-statement-myanmar-springs-young-revolutionaries-meet-with-head-of-the-asean-special-envoy-office-and-express-concern-over-aseans-continued-failure-to-address-myanmar-crisis/

[4] https://forum-asia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/FINAL_Letter_to_ASEAN_Leaders_Myanmar_Day.pdf

[5] https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2023/09/myanmar-turk-calls-new-thinking-end-unspeakable-tragedy

[6] https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/junta-airstrikes-09182023062443.html

[7] https://aappb.org/

[8] https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1zRtmvjLONqW3hNx6pQFyg_g0h5vxEaLXISaaITpzAcM/edit#gid=0